Physical properties of root canal filling materials.

Root canal filling materials, including sealercement and obturation points or cones, are used in root canal treatment to occlude the apical portion of the canal. These will block the dentinal tubules preventing passage of tissue fluids, toxins, and microorganisms into the root canal space. Many investigators have demonstrated the importance of a sealer cement for effective root canal obturations. Without a sealer cement, complete canal obturat ion may not be obtained. According to Grossman, the ideal root canal filling material should: (a) seal the canal laterally as well as apically, (b) not be toxic or irritant to the periapical tissue, (c) not shrink after being inserted or upon setting, (d) be impervious to moisture, (e) be bacteriostatic, (f) not stain the tooth structure, (g) set slowly, (h) be soluble in common solvents to permit easy removal from the canal, if necessary, and (i) be radiopaque. Many studies have dealt with the physical properties of the root canal sealer cements such as setting time, flow, film thickness, solubility, and ability to seal (Table 1). These properties are very important for complete obliteration of the root canal space. This paper discusses and reviews these properties and the methods for their evaluation.